Greenland Shark

The Greenland shark holds the record as the longest-living vertebrate, with some individuals estimated at 400+ years old. These Arctic deep-sea predators grow slowly, reaching sexual maturity around age 150. Their extreme longevity is attributed to cold waters slowing metabolism and unique biological adaptations. Scientists determine their age through eye tissue analysis and carbon dating. Measuring up to 7 meters, they swim at just 1 km/h but are apex predators. Their flesh contains toxic compounds that require special preparation, yet they've survived multiple ice ages, making them living archives of oceanic history.