Fusion Energy: Fusion energy aims to replicate the Sun’s power source—fusing light atomic nuclei (like hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium) to release vast amounts of clean energy. Unlike fission, fusion produces minimal radioactive waste, uses abundant fuel (deuterium from seawater, tritium bred from lithium), and carries no risk of meltdown. The challenge lies in achieving and sustaining the extreme conditions—temperatures over 100 million degrees Celsius and high pressure—needed for fusion, typically using magnetic confinement (tokamaks like ITER) or inertial confinement (lasers). Recent breakthroughs, including net energy gain at facilities like NIF, have boosted confidence. Projects like ITER and private ventures (e.g., Commonwealth Fusion Systems, Helion) aim for demonstration plants by the 2030s. If successful, fusion could provide a nearly limitless, safe, carbon-free energy source, transforming global energy infrastructure, reducing reliance on fossil fuels, and combating climate change. While engineering hurdles remain, fusion holds the promise of a sustainable energy future, potentially powering cities with minimal environmental impact.
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