The Antikythera Mechanism Civilization: Not a place, but representing the sophisticated Greco-Roman world that created this intricate astronomical calculator. Found in a shipwreck, this complex gear device, dating to 100 BCE, predicted eclipses and planetary movements with astonishing precision. Its existence reveals a level of technological and scientific understanding in antiquity far exceeding previous assumptions, suggesting lost knowledge or manufacturing techniques that disappeared for over a millennium before similar complexity reappeared.
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