Roman Concrete (Opus Caementicium): Ancient Romans developed a revolutionary concrete using volcanic ash (pozzolana), lime, and seawater, creating structures like the Pantheon's dome that have endured for nearly two millennia. Unlike modern concrete, Roman concrete self-heals through a reaction where water triggers the formation of new minerals that fill cracks. This durable, resilient material, whose exact formula was lost, showcases advanced materials science understanding in the ancient world.
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