The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453)

The Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) between England and France dramatically reshaped European history. Fueled by competing claims to the French throne, this series of conflicts saw major developments in military technology (like the longbow) and the decline of feudalism. While France ultimately retained its sovereignty, the war strengthened national identities in both kingdoms. It introduced new warfare tactics, shifted political power structures, and exhausted both nations' resources. The war's conclusion marked England's withdrawal from continental ambitions and France's emergence as a centralized state, setting the stage for modern European nation-states.