Anesthesia: Before anesthesia, surgery was a traumatic ordeal limited to amputations and surface procedures. The first public demonstration of ether anesthesia by William Morton in 1846 at Massachusetts General Hospital changed everything, enabling pain-free operations. Chloroform, nitrous oxide, and later intravenous agents expanded options, while monitoring and delivery systems improved safety. Anesthesia made complex, lengthy surgeries—like open-heart or brain procedures—feasible and humane. It also facilitated obstetric care, reducing maternal suffering during childbirth. Modern anesthesiology involves precise control of consciousness, pain, and vital functions, blending pharmacology, physiology, and critical care. Though risks remain, especially in resource-poor settings, anesthesia’s role in transforming surgery from butchery to healing cannot be overstated. It redefined patient dignity and remains essential to virtually all invasive medical interventions today.
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