Air Pollution: Air pollution—primarily from vehicles, industry, power plants, and biomass burning—kills an estimated 7 million people annually, per WHO. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ground-level ozone cause respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and cancer. In cities like Delhi and Beijing, smog regularly exceeds safe limits. Indoor air pollution from cooking with solid fuels affects 2.6 billion people, mostly women and children in developing nations. Beyond health, pollutants like black carbon accelerate glacial melt, and nitrogen oxides cause acid rain. Solutions include clean energy transitions, electric transport, stricter emissions standards, and green urban planning. While some regions have improved air quality, global inequality persists. Clean air is a fundamental right—and achieving it requires political will and technological equity.
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