Out of Africa Migration Around 70,000–50,000 years ago, Homo sapiens began migrating from East Africa into Eurasia, eventually populating every habitable continent. This foundational movement replaced or absorbed earlier hominins like Neanderthals and Denisovans. Driven by climate shifts, resource scarcity, and curiosity, small bands followed coastlines and inland routes using primitive tools and social cooperation. Genetic evidence shows all non-Africans today descend from this wave. The migration enabled adaptation to diverse environments—from Arctic tundra to tropical rainforests—and laid the groundwork for cultural and technological diversification. It marked the beginning of human global expansion, setting the stage for agriculture, language evolution, and complex societies. Though gradual and spanning millennia, this exodus remains the most significant in human history, defining our species’ biological and cultural unity amid diversity.
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