Structure of DNA (1953): James Watson and Francis Crick’s discovery of the double helix structure of DNA unveiled the mechanism of genetic inheritance. Using X-ray diffraction data from Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins they proposed how nucleotide base pairing enables replication. This foundational insight launched molecular biology enabling advances in genetics forensics and biotechnology. It paved the way for the Human Genome Project gene therapy and CRISPR editing. The discovery transformed medicine agriculture and evolutionary science revealing the biochemical unity of life and offering tools to manipulate it raising profound ethical questions about genetic engineering and identity.
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