Theory of Relativity (1905 1915): Albert Einstein’s special and general theories of relativity redefined physics. Special relativity introduced the constancy of light speed and the equivalence of mass and energy (E=mc²). General relativity described gravity as spacetime curvature explaining planetary motion and predicting black holes and gravitational waves. These theories overturned Newtonian mechanics under extreme conditions and are essential for GPS technology and cosmology. Confirmed by observations such as light bending during eclipses they reshaped our understanding of time space and the universe’s structure influencing both theoretical physics and practical engineering.
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