Caribou (Rangifer tarandus): Also known as reindeer in Eurasia, North American caribou undertake the longest land mammal migration, traveling up to 3,000 miles yearly. The Porcupine herd crosses Alaska and Canada’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, moving between boreal forests and coastal plains. Pregnant females race to calving grounds where food is abundant and predator density lower. They traverse mountains, rivers, and frozen tundra, facing wolves, grizzlies, and harsh weather. Migration is guided by inherited routes and environmental cues. Industrial development threatens their path. These arduous journeys are critical for Indigenous cultures and Arctic ecosystems, highlighting the interconnectedness of wildlife, people, and pristine landscapes.
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