Woolly Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius): Though extinct, the woolly mammoth was supremely adapted to Ice Age cold. It possessed a thick layer of fat, dense underfur, and long, shaggy outer hair up to 3 feet long, providing exceptional insulation. Its small ears and tail reduced surface area to prevent heat loss. The mammoth had a specialized hemoglobin that functioned in cold blood, ensuring oxygen delivery in freezing conditions. It used its tusks to clear snow and access vegetation. Its large size followed Bergmann’s rule, minimizing heat loss. Fossil evidence shows adaptations for browsing frozen tundra plants. The woolly mammoth’s entire biology was shaped by glacial environments, making it one of evolution’s most iconic cold-resistant creatures.
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