Ancient Egypt (c. 3150 – 30 BCE)

One of history's most iconic civilizations, Ancient Egypt thrived for over 3,000 years along the Nile River. Renowned for its monumental architecture—like the pyramids and Sphinx—it pioneered advancements in writing (hieroglyphs), medicine, and astronomy. The pharaohs, considered divine rulers, governed a society rich in art, religion, and bureaucracy. Egypt's legacy includes mummification, the solar calendar, and mathematical innovations. Its decline began with Roman conquest in 30 BCE, but its cultural and scientific contributions remain foundational to Western civilization.