Persian Empire (c. 550 – 330 BCE)

The Persian Empire (550–330 BCE), founded by Cyrus the Great, was one of history's most expansive and sophisticated ancient civilizations. Stretching from the Balkans to the Indus Valley, it pioneered an efficient administrative system with satrapies (provinces), standardized currency, and advanced infrastructure like the Royal Road. Notable for religious tolerance and cultural assimilation, it preserved local traditions while unifying diverse peoples. The empire's legacy includes Zoroastrianism's influence on Abrahamic religions and architectural marvels like Persepolis. Despite falling to Alexander the Great, its governance models influenced subsequent empires for centuries.