Leonora Piper’s Trance Sessions (1885–1911) American medium Leonora Piper conducted hundreds of séances under observation by the American Society for Psychical Research. In trance she delivered detailed messages from supposed spirits often accurately describing private facts about sitters. Researchers like William James believed her genuine despite finding no fraud. Others noted her use of cold reading. Piper herself denied being a fraud yet offered no alternative explanation. Her sessions challenged the boundary between subconscious ability and spirit communication. The prolonged study made her one of the most scrutinized mediums ever contributing significantly to early parapsychological theory.
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