Human Radiation Experiments (1940s–1970s): During the Cold War, U.S. government agencies conducted over 4,000 radiation experiments on humans, often without informed consent. Subjects included soldiers, hospital patients (including children and the mentally disabled), and prisoners. They were exposed to radioactive isotopes to study biological effects. Some were injected with plutonium. The goal was to understand nuclear warfare impacts and develop safety standards. When revealed in the 1990s, President Clinton apologized, and a committee recommended compensation. These experiments highlighted the ethical collapse when national security overrides individual rights and reshaped medical research ethics.
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