The Willowbrook State School Hepatitis Study (1950s–1970s): At this New York institution for intellectually disabled children, researchers deliberately infected new arrivals with hepatitis to study the disease and test vaccines. Parents were coerced into consent, often under the false impression that participation guaranteed admission. While the research contributed to vaccine development, it exploited a vulnerable population without proper ethical safeguards. Exposed in the 1970s, it became a key example in bioethics discussions, leading to stronger regulations for research involving children and institutionalized individuals, emphasizing the necessity of voluntary, informed consent.
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