Soviet Bioweapons Program (Biopreparat, 1970s–1990s): Despite signing the Biological Weapons Convention, the USSR operated a vast, secret biological weapons program under Biopreparat. Scientists weaponized deadly pathogens like anthrax, smallpox, and plague, conducting risky experiments on animals and possibly humans. Facilities were located across the Soviet Union, with inadequate safety, leading to outbreaks like the 1979 Sverdlovsk anthrax leak. After the Cold War, defectors revealed the program’s scale. The research was banned under international law. Biopreparat exemplifies state-sponsored science violating ethical and legal norms, raising fears about dual-use research and biosecurity.
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