Antibiotics (1928): Alexander Fleming’s accidental discovery of penicillin in 1928 marked the birth of antibiotics, transforming medicine forever. Before antibiotics, bacterial infections like pneumonia, tuberculosis, and sepsis were often fatal. Penicillin and subsequent drugs drastically reduced mortality rates, enabling safer surgeries, organ transplants, and cancer treatments. Life expectancy soared globally, and once-deadly diseases became manageable. Antibiotics also supported advances in veterinary medicine and food production. However, overuse has led to antibiotic resistance, a growing public health crisis. Despite this, their initial impact was revolutionary—saving an estimated 200 million lives to date. They remain essential in modern healthcare, symbolizing the power of scientific serendipity and rigorous research to overcome nature’s deadliest threats.
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