Refrigeration (1834 onward): Early refrigeration concepts date to the 1830s, but practical household units emerged in the early 20th century. Refrigeration revolutionized food safety, preservation, and distribution. It reduced spoilage, enabled long-distance transport of perishables, and diversified diets year-round. Supermarkets, frozen foods, and global supply chains depend on cold chains. Beyond food, refrigeration is vital in medicine (vaccine storage), scientific research, and air conditioning—transforming urban living in hot climates. It supported population growth in arid regions and improved public health by limiting bacterial growth. Today, from domestic fridges to industrial freezers, refrigeration silently underpins modern comfort, health, and economic efficiency, making it one of the most quietly essential inventions of the last two centuries.
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