Cosmic Inflation: Cosmic inflation proposes that the universe expanded exponentially in the first fraction of a second after the Big Bang, solving horizon and flatness problems and seeding galaxy formation via quantum fluctuations. While supported by cosmic microwave background (CMB) data, the exact mechanism remains unknown. What field drove inflation? How did it start and stop? Did it produce gravitational waves detectable in CMB polarization (B-modes)? Observations by missions like Planck constrain models, but no smoking gun exists. Some argue inflation is untestable or leads to a multiverse where anything can happen. Confirming or refuting inflation is key to understanding the universe’s birth—and whether our cosmos is one of countless others in an eternal inflating multiverse.
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