Consciousness: How does subjective experience arise from physical processes in the brain? Despite advances in neuroscience, consciousness—qualia, self-awareness, intentionality—resists objective measurement. Is it an emergent property of complex computation (as in integrated information theory), a fundamental aspect of reality (panpsychism), or an illusion? The “hard problem” of consciousness, coined by David Chalmers, separates it from easier questions of behavior or cognition. AI may mimic awareness without feeling it. Without a consensus definition or neural correlate, progress is philosophical as much as scientific. Solving consciousness could redefine life, ethics, and artificial intelligence—and determine whether mind is universal or a rare accident in a blind cosmos.
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