International Space Station (ISS): The International Space Station, a collaborative project involving NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, and CSA, has been continuously inhabited since November 2000. Orbiting 400 kilometers above Earth, it serves as a microgravity laboratory for research in biology, physics, astronomy, and human physiology. Over 260 astronauts from 20 countries have lived aboard, conducting experiments impossible on Earth. The ISS demonstrates unprecedented international cooperation—even amid geopolitical tensions—and tests technologies for long-duration spaceflight. It has advanced understanding of bone loss, fluid shifts, and radiation exposure critical for Mars missions. Though costly and aging, plans extend operations to 2030. The ISS stands as a symbol of peaceful global partnership and a testbed for humanity’s future beyond low Earth orbit.
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