Mars Rovers (Spirit, Opportunity, Curiosity, Perseverance): NASA’s Mars rovers have redefined planetary exploration. Spirit and Opportunity (2004) confirmed Mars once had liquid water; Opportunity operated for 15 years, far exceeding its 90-day mission. Curiosity (2012) discovered ancient habitable environments and organic molecules. Perseverance (2021) seeks signs of past microbial life and caches samples for future return to Earth, while deploying the Ingenuity helicopter—the first powered flight on another planet. These mobile labs combine geology, chemistry, and imaging to unravel Mars’ history and assess its potential for life. Their autonomous navigation and resilience in harsh conditions showcase robotic ingenuity. Each rover builds on the last, turning Mars from a distant red dot into a world we explore wheel by wheel, paving the way for eventual human missions.
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