International Space Station (ISS) (NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, CSA): The International Space Station (ISS), operational since 1998, is a multinational orbiting laboratory involving NASA, Roscosmos, ESA, JAXA, and CSA. Assembling over a decade, it is the largest human-made object in space and has hosted over 250 astronauts from 20 countries. Continuously crewed since 2000, the ISS supports long-duration human spaceflight research in microgravity, studying effects on the human body, fluid dynamics, and material science. It serves as a testbed for life support systems, space agriculture, and technologies needed for deep space missions. Earth observation and astrophysics experiments are also conducted. The ISS exemplifies global cooperation in science, fostering diplomatic ties despite geopolitical tensions. It has advanced medical research, inspired STEM education, and demonstrated the feasibility of sustained human presence in space. As it nears retirement, the ISS paves the way for commercial space stations and future lunar and Martian habitats, proving international collaboration can achieve enduring space exploration goals.
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