Human Genome Project (Completed 2003): The Human Genome Project (HGP) was an international effort to map all 3 billion base pairs of the human genome. Completed in 2003, it identified approximately 20,000-25,000 human genes and provided a reference for understanding genetic variation and disease. The HGP accelerated advances in genomics, enabling personalized medicine, non-invasive prenatal testing, and cancer genomics. It spurred the development of next-generation sequencing technologies, drastically reducing the cost and time of DNA sequencing. The project also raised important ethical, legal, and social issues, leading to policies on genetic privacy. Its open-data policy fostered global collaboration and laid the foundation for virtually all modern genetic and biomedical research.
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