Organoids (2009–Present): Organoids are 3D miniaturized organ models grown from stem cells that mimic the structure and function of real organs like brains, intestines, and kidneys. First developed in the 2000s and refined since, they provide unprecedented tools for studying development, disease, and drug responses in human tissue without animal testing. Organoids have been used to model Zika virus effects on fetal brains, test cancer drugs, and study genetic disorders. They enable personalized medicine by growing patient-specific tissues. While not full organs, they bridge the gap between cell cultures and whole organisms. Organoids are transforming biomedical research, regenerative medicine, and toxicology, offering ethical, scalable platforms for understanding human biology and accelerating therapeutic discovery.
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