Isaac Newton: Isaac Newton (1643–1727) revolutionized physics and mathematics with his laws of motion and universal gravitation, published in Principia Mathematica (1687). He demonstrated that the same forces govern celestial and terrestrial motion, unifying heaven and Earth under one scientific framework. Newton also co-invented calculus (independently of Leibniz), developed the reflecting telescope, and made key contributions to optics, including the nature of light and color. His rigorous empirical approach helped establish the scientific method as central to inquiry. Though deeply religious and interested in alchemy, his legacy rests on rational, mathematical explanations of natural phenomena. Newton’s work dominated scientific thought for over two centuries and enabled the Industrial Revolution. Einstein later refined his gravity model, but Newtonian mechanics remains essential for engineering and everyday applications. His influence extends beyond science into philosophy and culture, symbolizing the power of human reason.
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