Charles Darwin: Charles Darwin (1809–1882) transformed biology with his theory of evolution by natural selection, detailed in On the Origin of Species (1859). After a voyage on HMS Beagle, he observed species variation across islands, leading him to propose that all life descends from common ancestors through gradual adaptation. His mechanism—natural selection—explained how advantageous traits become more common over generations. Initially controversial, especially for challenging religious creation narratives, his theory gained overwhelming scientific support and unified life sciences. Darwin also studied plant movements, emotions, and human origins. Though he avoided public debate, his work reshaped anthropology, genetics, and medicine. Today, evolution is the cornerstone of biological understanding, and Darwin remains a symbol of scientific courage and meticulous observation.
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