Albert Einstein: Albert Einstein (1879–1955) redefined physics with his theories of special and general relativity, fundamentally altering concepts of space, time, mass, and energy. His famous equation E=mc² revealed the equivalence of mass and energy, paving the way for nuclear energy. In 1905—his “miracle year”—he published four groundbreaking papers, including one on the photoelectric effect that helped launch quantum theory (earning him the 1921 Nobel Prize). General relativity (1915) described gravity as the curvature of spacetime by mass, confirmed by the 1919 solar eclipse. Though skeptical of quantum randomness, his debates advanced the field. A vocal pacifist and civil rights advocate, Einstein fled Nazi Germany and settled in the U.S. His name became synonymous with genius, and his ideas underpin GPS, cosmology, and modern physics.
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