Michael Faraday: Michael Faraday (1791–1867), a bookbinder’s apprentice with little formal education, became one of history’s greatest experimental physicists. He discovered electromagnetic induction—the principle behind electric generators and transformers—enabling the electrification of society. Faraday also established the laws of electrolysis, introduced concepts of electric and magnetic fields, and invented the first electric motor. Rejecting mathematical formalism, he relied on intuition and hands-on experimentation. His public lectures at the Royal Institution popularized science, and he declined knighthood and commercial patents on ethical grounds. Einstein kept Faraday’s portrait in his study, admiring his field concept. Though humble and devout, Faraday’s discoveries underpin virtually all modern electrical technology. His journey from poverty to scientific eminence remains an enduring inspiration for self-taught learners and experimentalists worldwide.
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