Galileo Galilei: Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) is often called the father of modern science for his pioneering use of experimentation and observation. He improved the telescope and discovered Jupiter’s four largest moons, sunspots, and the phases of Venus—evidence supporting Copernicus’s heliocentric model. His advocacy for Earth’s motion around the Sun clashed with the Catholic Church, leading to house arrest in 1633. Galileo also formulated foundational principles of inertia and kinematics, influencing Newton. By insisting that nature is “written in the language of mathematics,” he shifted science from philosophical speculation to empirical measurement. Despite persecution, his writings inspired the Scientific Revolution. Galileo’s courage in defending evidence over dogma established the modern scientific ethos and remains a landmark in the history of intellectual freedom.
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